What Makes a Great Negotiator, According to Research

For nearly 20 years, Peter Kesting and I have observed thousands of negotiations conducted by some of the brightest negotiators on the planet. We’re thrilled that our findings are now out in Harvard Business Review in an article titled “What Makes a Great Negotiator, According to Research.” This post shares the core ideas behind the piece plus a few personal reflections on why they matter for leaders, teams, and organizations.

Our research draws on almost 1,000 documented negotiations from The Negotiation Challenge (TNC), a global competition we’ve run for years with meticulously designed scenarios, structured scoring, and expert judging. Each negotiation produces both substantive outcomes (what was achieved) and relational outcomes (trust, credibility, working climate). This dual lens lets us test a long-standing assumption in our field.

The traditional view says negotiators must choose: push hard for results or play it soft to preserve the relationship. Our data doesn’t support that. The best negotiators consistently achieve both strong outcomes and trust. In other words: great negotiation isn’t about temperament; it’s about competence.

We saw top performers who were quiet and reflective; others were energetic and highly expressive. Style varied widely. What didn’t vary among the best was skill—the ability to read the room, manage emotion, frame issues clearly, and sequence moves that create value while safeguarding credibility.

Great negotiators balance assertiveness with empathy, knowing when to compete, when to cooperate, and how to blend both without losing trust. They stay flexible, adapting strategy as new information emerges rather than clinging to a script. They make their thinking visible by structuring the conversation, naming issues, surfacing interests, and proposing options so progress is trackable. Throughout, they protect the relationship while creating value, separating people from problems without separating people from respect.

Across cases, four higher-order competencies predicted excellence:

  • Language and Emotionality – Clear framing, precise language, and emotional self-regulation. These negotiators can put complex issues into simple words and keep the temperature of the conversation productive.
  • Negotiation Intelligence – Strategic sense-making: diagnosing the situation, mapping interests, and choosing tactics that fit the context. It’s the ability to combine analysis with timing.
  • Relationship Building – Trust is not an afterthought. Top performers invest in credibility, follow-through, and psychological safety—because those are the preconditions for creating value.
  • Moral Wisdom – Empathy-guided ethical clarity and fairness instincts; these negotiators protect long-term reputation and avoid short-term wins that poison future cooperation.

Even among exceptionally capable participants, only about 5% consistently achieved both strong substantive and relational outcomes. “Integrated achievers” are rare—and that rarity is instructive. Excellence is not a personality trait; it’s the result of deliberate practice, feedback, and measurement.

Measurement matters! If we don’t assess how we negotiate, as individuals, teams, and organizations, we limit learning and progress. Use clear rubrics to define what “good” looks like, combine metrics that capture both results and relationships, and track performance repeatedly over time rather than relying on one-off scores.

For leaders and their organizations, the evidence suggests treating negotiation as a core leadership discipline, one that can be measured, taught, and improved. It may be valuable to invest in capability building around the four meta-competencies and to emphasize structured, feedback-driven practice. Incentives could be aligned to recognize outcomes that create value and sustain relationships, and it can be helpful to cultivate a “data habit” by regularly capturing negotiation performance across projects, suppliers, and internal talks to inform coaching and continuous improvement.

Writing the HBR piece reminded me how persistent the false binary remains: “win the deal” versus “protect the relationship.” Our evidence shows you can do both and the best do. It also reinforced how rare integrated excellence is. That rarity, however, is an invitation: with the right practice and measurement, more negotiators can join that 5%. Finally, the work reaffirmed a simple truth: progress requires feedback. Without structured assessment, we’re left with anecdotes and overconfidence.

This project would not exist without the vibrant community around The Negotiation Challenge: the participants who put their skills to the test, the judges who generously share their expertise, and the scholars and practitioners who have debated, challenged, and refined these ideas with us over the years.

Thank you!

Source: What Makes a Great Negotiator, According to Research

Negotiators Who Changed the World: Timeless Lessons on Leadership and Negotiation

After a year and a half of intensive research and project work, I am happy to share that our new book: “Negotiators Who Changed the World: Timeless Lessons on Leadership and Negotiation” has just been published by Springer Nature.


This project was born from a simple but powerful observation that leadership and negotiation are inseparably connected. The most effective leaders are also exceptional negotiators. They know how to balance interests, build trust, and mobilize people toward shared goals. They don’t avoid conflict; they transform it into progress.

Yet, too often, negotiation is still seen as a peripheral skill, something to be used occasionally, rather than a core capability of impactful leadership. Our book challenges that view. It shows that negotiation is about shaping history, driving change, resolving conflicts, and inspiring others to act together in times of uncertainty.

From Moral Philosophy to Modern Diplomacy

The book is organized into five parts, each reflecting a distinct facet of leadership through negotiation.

Part I – Philosophers and Strategists takes us back to the origins of moral and strategic thought. Figures like Confucius, Jesus Christ, Machiavelli, and Talleyrand reveal how negotiation draws both on ethics and power. These chapters explore the enduring tension between moral persuasion and pragmatic maneuvering — a tension that defines negotiation to this day.

Part II – State Builders and Unity Architects turns to leaders who forged nations and unified divided peoples. From Johann Rudolf Wettstein at the Peace of Westphalia and Jacques Delors shaping Europe, to Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Mikhail Gorbachev, Helmut Kohl, and Angela Merkel, these chapters illustrate how negotiation can bind fragmented communities into cohesive, visionary projects.

Part III – Peacemakers and Mediators highlights those who confronted entrenched conflict and built peace from division. Through the stories of Nelson Mandela, Anwar Sadat, Tommy Koh, Kofi Annan, Ibrahim Rugova, Emma Leslie, and Juan Manuel Santos, readers witness negotiation as a bridge between moral leadership and practical resolution — an instrument of both empathy and courage.

Part IV – Changemakers and Reformers brings negotiation closer to the individual level — where social reform and moral conviction meet. From Sakamoto Ryoma shaping modern Japan to Lech Wałęsa leading Poland’s transformation, Shirin Ebadi’s fight for justice, and Jacinda Ardern’s empathetic leadership, this section shows how dialogue and determination can spark systemic change.

Part V – Diplomats and Dealmakers explores the high-stakes world of global politics and business. Madeleine Albright, Catherine Ashton, Jens Stoltenberg, and Ratan Tata exemplify how negotiation — whether in diplomacy or corporate leadership — can shape alliances, markets, and the course of nations.

Finally, Daniel Druckman’s concluding reflections remind us that the question “Are leaders important?” is not merely historical but timeless: effective negotiation remains a cornerstone of leadership and progress in every era.

What You’ll Find Inside

Throughout its 28 chapters, Negotiators Who Changed the World takes readers on a journey across philosophy, politics, peacebuilding, reform, and diplomacy, tracing how negotiation has served as both an art and a science of human progress. From the moral teachings of Confucius to the strategic maneuvering of Talleyrand, from Mandela’s reconciliation efforts to Merkel’s quiet strength, each story reveals how individuals have shaped defining moments in world history through their ability to listen, persuade, and build bridges where others saw divides.

Beyond recounting history, the book distills the strategies and mindsets that made these transformations possible. It examines how empathy and ethical conviction coexist with power and pragmatism, how great leaders align their values with their circumstances, and how negotiation can become a tool for progress even in the most polarized environments.

The lessons are not reserved for diplomats or heads of state. They speak to everyone navigating today’s complex realities, from business and governance to education and community life. Each chapter concludes with reflections that translate historical insight into practical guidance for anyone who seeks to lead more effectively, communicate more thoughtfully, and negotiate more wisely.

If you’re passionate about leadership, negotiation, diplomacy, or history, I hope you’ll find this book both thought-provoking and deeply relevant to your own work.

Explore, preview, and order your copy here: Springer Nature – Negotiators Who Changed the World

Use code SPRAUT for 20% off your copy (available only on Springer’s website).


Table of Contents

The structure of Negotiators Who Changed the World reflects the evolution of leadership and negotiation across history. Each part captures a different dimension, from the philosophical and moral foundations of influence, to the pragmatic challenges of building nations, mediating peace, and navigating global diplomacy. Together, they show that while the contexts may change, the essence of negotiation: empathy, clarity, and purpose, remains constant.

Part I – Philosophers and Strategists

  1. Confucius: Ancient Wisdom for Modern Negotiators — Shougang Zhang
  2. Jesus Christ: The Ultimate Servant Leader — Jan Smolinski and Remigiusz Smolinski
  3. Machiavelli as Negotiator and Leaders’ Adviser — Alain Lempereur
  4. Talleyrand, Firm But Flexible — Paul Willem Meerts and I. William Zartman
  5. Avoiding a Nuclear Catastrophe: John Fitzgerald Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis — Angelo Monoriti and Antonio Attolico
  6. Henry Kissinger: Metternich, Messenger, Mediator, or Meddler? — Carrie Menkel-Meadow

Part II – State Builders and Unity Architects

  1. Johann Rudolf Wettstein and the Art of Diplomacy: Negotiating Swiss Independence at the Peace of Westphalia — Raymond Saner
  2. Jacques Delors: Orchestrating Europe’s Transformation — Spyros Blavoukos, Dimitris Bourantonis, and Savvas Papadopoulos
  3. Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan: The Father of the United Arab Emirates — Horacio Falcão and Anja Merz
  4. Mikhail Gorbachev: Lion in the West, Pariah in the East — Mark Young and Julian Wittkamp
  5. The Chancellor of Dual Unity: Helmut Kohl and the Path to German Reunification in a United Europe — Andreas Winheller and Denis Kittl
  6. Angela Merkel: The Quiet Powerhouse of Global Negotiation — Peter Kesting and Remigiusz Smolinski

Part III – Peacemakers and Mediators

  1. Bridging Divides: Nelson Mandela’s Legacy of Leadership and Negotiation — Barney Jordaan and Mark Anstey
  2. The Unpredictable Negotiator: A Look into Sadat’s Leadership — Mohamed Abdelaziz Shehab Eldin
  3. Tommy Koh: Negotiating with Mind and Heart — Joel Lee and Matilda Mag
  4. Leading Through Negotiation: The Humble Power of Kofi Annan — Antonio Attolico and Remigiusz Smolinski
  5. The Invictus Negotiator for Freedom, Democracy, and Peace: Ibrahim Rugova of Kosovo — Valon Murtezaj
  6. Emma Leslie: Confronting the Hard Realities of Peacemaking Head-On — Joshua N. Weiss
  7. Santos’s Legacy as a Peace Negotiator Leader — Margarita Canal Acero, David Aponte Castro, and Mario Puerta

Part IV – Changemakers and Reformers

  1. Master Alliance Builder: How Sakamoto Ryoma’s Negotiation Moves Shaped Modern Japan — William W. Baber
  2. Negotiating the Dawn of Democracy: Lech Wałęsa and Poland’s Triumph Over Communism — Remigiusz Smolinski
  3. Negotiating Against Oppression: Shirin Ebadi’s Fight for Justice — Joana Matos
  4. Empathy and Strength: Jacinda Ardern’s Leadership and Negotiation Prowess — Beth Fisher-Yoshida

Part V – Diplomats and Dealmakers

  1. Madeleine Albright: The Original Madam Secretary — Andrea Kupfer Schneider
  2. Catherine Ashton, and Then What? — Hans van den Berg
  3. Building Bridges, Shaping Futures: Jens Stoltenberg’s Negotiation Mastery — Roar Thun Wægger
  4. Ratan Tata: A Visionary Leader and a Powerful Negotiator — Anuj Jagannathan

Part VI – Concluding Remarks

  1. Are Leaders Important? — Daniel Druckman

Gratitude

I am deeply grateful to all the authors and contributors for their intellectual generosity and collaboration, and to Dr. Prashanth Mahagaonkar and the Springer Nature team for their exceptional support throughout this journey.

This book is a testament to what negotiation can achieve when practiced with purpose: connecting minds across borders, time, and disciplines.

I look forward to hearing your reflections and perhaps, discovering together who you believe are the negotiators still changing our world today.